Photography Is A Technique Of Producing Permanent Images On Sensitized

Photography is a technique of producing permanent images on sensitized surfaces by means of the photochemical action of light or other forms of radiant energy. In today's society, photography plays important roles as an information medium, as a tool in science and technology, and as an art form, and it is also a popular hobby. It is essential at every level of business and industry, being used in advertising, documentation, photojournalism, and many other ways. Scientific research, ranging from the study of outer space to the study of the world of subatomic particles, relies heavily on photography as a tool. In the 19th century, photography was the domain of a few professionals because it required large cameras and glass photographic plates. During the first decades of the 20th century, however, with the introduction of roll film and the box camera, it came within the reach of the public as a whole. Today the industry offers amateur and professional photographers a large variety of cameras and accessories. See also Motion Picture. The Camera and Its Accessories Modern cameras operate on the basic principle of the camera obscura (see Historical Development, below). Light passing through a tiny hole, or aperture, into an otherwise lightproof box casts an image on the surface opposite the aperture. The addition of a lens sharpens the image, and film makes possible a fixed, reproducible image. The camera is the mechanism by which film can be exposed in a controlled manner. Although they differ in structural details, modern cameras consist of four basic components: body, shutter, diaphragm, and lens. Located in the body is a lightproof chamber in which film is held and exposed. Also in the body, located opposite the film and behind the lens, are the diaphragm and shutter. The lens, which is affixed to the front of the body, is actually a grouping of optical glass lenses. Housed in a metal ring or cylinder, it allows the photographer to focus an image on the film. The lens may be fixed in place or set in a movable mount. Objects located at variou s distances from the camera can be brought into sharp focus by adjusting the distance between the lens and the film. The diaphragm, a circular aperture behind the lens, operates in conjunction with the shutter to admit light into the lighttight chamber. This opening may be fixed, as in many amateur cameras, or it may be adjustable. Adjustable diaphragms are composed of overlapping strips of metal or plastic that, when spread apart, form an opening of the same diameter as the lens; when meshed together, they form a small opening behind the center of the lens. The aperture openings correspond to numerical settings, called f-stops, on the camera or the lens. The shutter, a spring-activated mechanical device, keeps light from entering the camera except during the interval of exposure. Most modern cameras have focal-plane or leaf shutters. Some older amateur cameras use a drop-blade shutter, consisting of a hinged piece that, when released, pulls across the diaphragm opening and exposes the film for about 1/30th of a second. In the leaf shutter, at the moment of exposure, a cluster of meshed blades springs apart to uncover the full lens aperture and then springs shut. The focal-plane shutter consists of a black shade with a variable-size slit across its width. When released, the shade moves quickly across the film, exposing it progressively as the slit moves. Most modern cameras also have some sort of viewing system or viewfinder to enable the photographer to see, through the lens of the camera, the scene being photographed. Single-lens reflex cameras all incorporate this design feature, and almost all general-use cameras have some form of focusing system as well as a film-advance mechanism. Camera Designs Cameras come in a variety of configurations and sizes. The first cameras, ?pinhole? cameras, had no lens. The flow of light was controlled simply by blocking the pinhole. The first camera in general use, the box camera, consists of a wooden or plastic box with a simple lens and a drop-blade shutter at one end and a holder for roll film at the other. The box camera is equipped with a simple viewfinder that shows the extent of the picture area. Some

Du Telecom in the UAE Analysis Essay Sample

Du Telecom in the UAE Analysis Essay Sample Du Telecom in the UAE Business Essay Example Du Telecom in the UAE Business Essay Example At the present time, communicative technologies are the driving forces of economy and business. One can name many companies that offer similar services. As a result, a high competitiveness is present in this business. It is necessary to mention that one cannot imagine any company without mobile connection, fixed telephony, broadband connectivity and IPTV services. Such services benefit promotional and distributional policies of the organizations. Du Telecom is a bright example of success in offering telecommunication services in the UAE. The company differs from others because its missions are not only to gain profits but to contribute to the community, create innovation and business excellence and delight customers (About Du Telecom, 2014). Current paper intends to explore the activity of Du Telecom in Dubai, its business, industry structure, its external environment forces, management and financial performance of the company, as well as strategic issues. Moreover, present essay gives the recommendations how to overcome the occurred problems. Du Telecom Company Description Du Telecom is the company that has been operating in the UAE since 2000. It has a wide variety of services in the industry that is the heart of social and economic transformation. Du Telecom brings businesses and people together offering IPTV services, broadband connectivity, fixed and mobile telephony all over the UAE. The strength of the company is that it offers a data hub, carrier services, satellite services for broadcasters and internet exchange facilities. Du Telecom is a rapidly-growing business where 2,000 employees provide comfort and quality of the services. Customers of the company are from 60 countries, and such cultural diversity proves the popularity of Du Telecom in the world and its international level. The employees of this company can serve their customers in many languages. It is necessary to mention that 50% of employees are UAE nationals, but the working environment of Du Telecom is cosmopolitan. The company offers its services to 70, 000 businesses, 180,000 home services subscribers, 555,000 subscribers and 6.5 million mobile customers. These numbers prove the unbelievable success of Du Telecom. Its annual revenue is AED 10 billion. The vision of the company is noble as it tries to enhance customers life anytime and anywhere. Its values are innovations, honesty, friendship and confidence. To understand better the peculiarities of companys management and marketing it is necessary to analyze the industry structure and major competitors of Du Telecom (About Du Telecom, 2014). The Industry Structure Du Telecom consists of service centers in the UAE that provide assistance both locally and online. The head office of Du Telecom is in Dubai but the company has a complex structure. Despite a reputation and success at the local market, Du Telecom has many competitors that are driving forces of this company. They are the Emirates Integrated Telecommunication Company, the Mubadala Development-owned Satellite Company and Etisalat. Without a doubt, these companies are leaders at the UAE market. It is necessary to mention that telecommunication business depends on high competitiveness and innovation (Burda, 2005). The Emirates Integrated Telecommunication Company, the Mubadala Development-owned Satellite Company and Etisalat are the most recognizable telecommunication companies in the UAE. Each of them has its advantages comparing to Du Telecom. For example, the Mubadala Development-owned Satellite Company is stronger in Internet services comparing to Du Telecom. It means that Du Telecom should find the possibilities to improve its Internet opportunities. Etisalat has more international value than Du Telecom as it is extremely popular at the French market. As a result, Du Telecom should integrate at the foreign markets in order to be more competitive. To reveal the advantages and disadvantages of Du Telecom, it is necessary to conduct an internal analysis. The Internal Environment of Du Telecom The marketing strategy of Du Telecom is to win the international market the same as Etisalat. Moreover, it has all chances for doing it. The internal environment is favorable for the development of new services and implementation of the innovative technologies. One can say that Du Telecom depends on high demand and technology. First of all, the customers want mobile connection, fixed telephony, broadband connectivity and IPTV services at moderate prices. Modernization must be the main strategy for Du Telecom as innovative technologies cannot stay at the same level. Customers varying needs are the driving forces for the changes. New possibilities, challenges and situations occur under the influence of customers and lead to sustained growth. The threat of substitutes is another essential component of the internal environment. It makes Du Telecom be on the alert and ready to high competition. Competition between telecommunication systems is a natural phenomenon and that is why the company should find a possibility to use it for further development and successful operation not only at the domestic market. At the present time, customers do not doubt in the quality of Du Telecom services. The company exceeds customers expectations, making it a key to success. The experience of the company is one of the most fulfilling and richest comparing to the Emirates Integrated Telecommunication Company, the Mubadala Development-owned Satellite Company and Etisalat. Moreover, Du Telecom demands additional financing and investments for collaboration with the foreign partners (Cohen, 1995). Internal Forces and Trends Considerations: Strengths Providing services that will satisfy customers needs. To locate telecommunication centers not only in big cities but small towns, as well. Implementation of Business Intelligence system for controlling the situation within the company. Creative and talented employees. Providing a broad variety of services. Successful leadership is the basement for good marketing and management. Weaknesses Contradictions between companies offerings and customers tastes. The customers can ignore telecommunication services for the sake of other companies. Additional costs and losses. Movement of labor forces. Low potential of human resources for fulfilling goals. High competition between leaders that may result in following their interests rather than companies ones. Opportunity To implement new telecommunication services. Increasing of profits. Possibility to control profits and spending. Training and learning of human resources. Improvement of services quality. Conducting trainings. Threat Spending the additional costs that could not be profitable. Changes in the structure can lead to companys issues. Inability of employees to work with it efficiently. Refusals of employees from training. Complaints and possible lawsuits. Poor leadership can lead to the failure of the company. Trend Focusing on the global market and widening its possibilities. Offering services at moderate prices, making them affordable in multiple quantities. Innovation. To develop knowledge management. Developing services and human resources. A democratic leadership. In general, the internal environment of Du Telecom benefits its development and allows its operating at the global market. However, in order to understand the probable challenges for the company, it is necessary to analyze its external environment. The External Environment of Du Telecom Economic, political, environmental, legal, technological and sociocultural factors influence the external environment of Du Telecom. Legal factors relate to paying taxes and following all governmental laws concerning telecommunication. The company should provide the security of its clients and their privacy. It means that Du Telecom should protect customers rights when they deal with using of its services. Following the legal requirements is the basement for a good image of the company. In the UAE, the governmental regulations are crucial and that is why Du Telecom should collaborate with other legal institutions. Economic factors of Du Telecom refer to the economic state of the country and such phenomenon as an economic crisis, Gross Domestic Product and unemployment. However, if the economy is at the peak of its development, it can be a driving force for selection of human resources and gaining of high profits. Another way to increase profits is to integrate at the global market and operate in the USA and the UK. Technological factors concern changes in management process and innovation in services. TV packages, mobile plans, implementation of the latest models of phones and modems are the ways of the development. The strength of such factors is that they allow the implementation of the innovative technologies. However, progress and changes demand spending additional costs. Creating a qualitative connection is another top priority of Du Telecom. The mission of the company is to improve constantly, which means that the company is on the way to innovations and technological progress. Development of human resources, satellite services, Internet exchange facilities are the driving forces of technology. Social factors of Du Telecom concern negative influence of telecommunication services on the human health. The company should conduct meetings devoting to healthy lifestyle propaganda. They create a reputable image of Du Telecom. People become more health-conscious and choose a healthy lifestyle. As a result, healthy lifestyle propaganda will serve as a promotion and advertisement for the company. Environmental factors refer to creating an ecologically friendly image of the company. Du Telecom should participate in the events promoting environmental protection and act as a sponsor, as well. Competitive Forces As to the power of buyers, Du Telecom depends on high demand of customers and technological progress. Varying needs of customers motivate Du Telecom to healthy work environment. Internship, sponsorship programs and work skills programs motivate employees to work here. The available systems of reductions and qualitative connection of telecommunication services attract customers to Du Telecom. Threat of substitutes is another dilemma of Du Telecom. The Emirates Integrated Telecommunication Company, the Mubadala Development-owned Satellite Company and Etisalat can substitute Du Telecom. For this reason, it should find the ways to offer more efficient and quicker means of communication. Threat of new entry is another issue for Du Telecom that demands development of the brand image and human and financial resources. Competitive rivalry is an evident problem, but it is necessary to use it as a key factor for the innovation and changes. Du Telecom is a competitive company that has high capital costs, distribution channels, economies of scale, proprietary technology and high level of telecommunication industry (Porter, 1985). Supplier power is another factor that defines the place of the company at the market. Supplier power of Du Telecom is sufficient because it collaborates with many telecommunication companies that are its partners. Buyer power is also an important aspect in the telecommunication business. In this sphere, the company deals with individual and industrial buyers. One cannot say that power of industrial and individual customers is high. That is why it can negatively influence selling of the company. Related and supporting industries of Du Telecom include but are not limited to the phone and computer manufacturing companies. Management Performance Management performance is a tool used to benefit Du Telecom. Employees are essential assets of the company. Therefore, it is important for managers to ensure that their workforce is always effective and efficient. The performance appraisals of employees and team performance are the ways of improving management performance. Du Telecom uses the Balanced Scorecard, the Business Intelligence System, as well as the Evaluation Management System. They are perfect innovations in the world of business that benefit and contribute to the development of performance management. They help overcome weaknesses and reinforce strengths of the company. It is recommended to use the measurement performance systems in the organizations. The following systems provide an opportunity for Du Telecom to develop and innovate (Rumelt, 1980). It is evident that the management performance of Du Telecom is not perfect and has some drawbacks. Du Telecom deals with such human resource issues as productivity, arranging and carrying out training, recruiting employees and preventing discrimination. Productivity of the company can be low due to the incompetence of employees or high competitiveness at the market. Management of Du Telecom is diverse, and the cases of discrimination are not typical for the company. Management team of Du Telecom includes experienced managers such as Osman Sultan, Farid Faraidooni, Fahad Al Hassawi, Ananda Bose, Amer Kazim and Ibrahim Hassan Abdulla Nassir. Management activity of Du Telecom refers to the improvement of human resources, strategic planning, talent and knowledge learning and training (Barney, 2012). Financial Performance Du Telecom financial success is defined by the revenue earned from sales of products and the provision of services. After having analyzed the financial results of Du Telecom, it is evident that the company has high performance. The increasing number of competitors is a basis for further development of Du Telecom. This table of revenue and profit reveals that Du Telecom shows colossal growth. Such drastic increase proves that the right business strategy is applied by the company. Though Du Telecom is a young company, it can become one of the leading and competitive companies in the market due to its hard work, persistence and constant development. It is evident that the annual revenue of the company is constantly growing. It should be noted that the main goal of Du Telecom is to move in the same direction. Du Telecom needs a rapid expansion from the local market to the international one in order to keep its success. The operating income loss is the result of the increased market costs. The use of an aggressive subscriber acquisition strategy can help Du Telecom increase its revenue. Strategic Issues of Du Telecom Du Telecom can deal with complaints of customers regarding price, employees service and telecommunication quality. It means that the company should find the compromises with customers in order to avoid lawsuits. There are services that are priced higher than in its competitors and it can lead to losing customers. The wrong price strategy can result in decline of profits and that is why Du Telecom should regulate its prices. One cannot say that Du Telecom is successful in its distribution strategy in full measure. Du Telecom can have delays or lateness in delivering the products and services. Du Telecom promotion can cost more than expected and as every business wants to minimize its spending. The wrong promotion strategy can lead to decreasing of Du Telecom brand value. Weaknesses of Du Telecom Expensiveness Some telecommunication services are not cheap. Hence, demands for the services of Du Telecom may decrease due to its expensiveness. The company should adapt its prices to its customers. It can propose and put in practice a flexible system of reductions. Service Quality The clients of Du Telecom may complain about the quality of services. It means that Du Telecom should take care of its reputation and satisfy all needs and demands of its clients. It can be stated that products and services of Du Telecom are not of low quality; though, sometimes unpleasant situations with products and services may occur, thus damaging the reputation of the company. Recommendations Du Telecom should use the Balanced Scorecard, the Business Intelligence System, as well as the Evaluation Management System as they are perfect innovations in the world of business that benefit and contribute to the development of the performance management. They help overcome weaknesses and reinforce strengths of the company. The company should use various surveys to determine the level of customer satisfaction. It means that the company is interested in high quality of its services and products, as well as customer satisfaction. Du Telecom should orient on the global market development. The company should follow a global strategy that is aimed at offering products interesting for customers from all over the world. Du Telecom should open new service centers and improve telecommunication quality. Customer should be at the first priority and that is why it should satisfy their personal desires concerning communication. Du Telecom should pay more attention to fast services and collaborate with companies regarding mobile connection, fixed telephony, broadband connectivity and IPTV services. Du Telecom has a valuable opportunity to develop the services that will be advantageous and innovative. Production strategy of the company deals with creating of new locations for its telecommunication services. Consequently, the company builds capacity with demand and, as a result, it has not evident losses but very high profits. One recommends opening more locations, streamlining, launching new products as the ways for winning of international marketing. Du Telecom should have a competition-based pricing. One recommends offering a flexible system of reductions. Du Telecom should be sensitive to competitors prices and offer better products with similar prices to competitors as it will attract more customers. The pricing strategy has to reflect the value of a service or product. In detail, the value of the product should determine if the quality provided falls on a higher or a lower budget product scale. Expected Trends in the Future One can distinguish the following marketing objectives of Du Telecom for 2015: Becoming more competitive in the UAE. Providing available prices. Implementation of new services. Opening new locations. Development of new technologies. Attraction of more customers via promotion strategy. Du Telecom should look for new suppliers as new supply chains will benefit the production of more qualitative services. Integration into the global market is a new way to development. Du Telecom should communicate with the clients in order to know their tastes and to collaborate with competitors in order to reveal their marketing strategies. Information about Du Telecom, as well as about its products and services, is available via direct mailings, Internet and in person. Such aspect is aimed at satisfying different customers’ needs and at attracting customers from other countries in the result of marketing globalization.

Barbados Essays - Barbados, Portuguese Colonization Of The Americas

Barbados Barbados is a small country located in the Caribbean Sea. The capital is Bridgetown with a population of about 8,789. The head of state of Barbados is Queen Elizabeth II and she is represented by General Dame Nita Barrow. The total population of the country is around 252,000. The main language is English and the predominant religion is Christianity. Their date of independence was November 30, 1966. Barbados is the eastern most Caribbean Island. It is about 200 miles North-North East of Trinidad and about 100 miles East- South East of St. Lucia. It is the second smallest country in the Western Hemisphere. The major urban centers in the area include Bridgetown, Speightstown, Oistins, and Holetown. The land is mainly flat except for a series of ridges that rise up to about 1,000 feet and then falling towards the sea. The climate of the region consists of tropical temperatures influenced by the Northeast trade winds. The average annual temperature is approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit. The daily temperatures rarely get above 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The dry season is cool, while the wet season is slightly warmer. The main rains come during the months of July, August, September, October, and November. The annual average rainfall is 40 inches in the coastal areas and 90 inches in the central areas. The net migration into Barbados is 4.82 per 1000. The annual growth rate is 0.4%, which is one of the lowest in the world. The annual birthrate is 15.45 per 1000, and the annual deathrate is 8.27 per 1000. Barbados ranks fourth in the World in population density with the overall density being 1526 per square mile. The whole island is inhabited, leaving no sparsely populated areas. The main race is Negro, which is about 92% of the population. The remainder of the population is consists of Whites (3.8%), Mulattoes (3.8%), and East Indians (0.4%). About 70% of the population is Anglican. The other 30% belong to various denominations such as Moravian, Methodist, and Roman Catholic. Barbados was once under British control from 1624. Its House of Assembly, which began in 1639, is the third oldest legislative body in the Western Hemisphere. By the time Britain left in 1966, the island was completely English in culture. The British influence is still seen today in quaint pubs, cricket games on the village greens, and in the common law. Barbados' government is British Parliament. The queen is the head of state and she is represented by the governor general. The governor general appoints an advisory council. The executive authority is the Prime Minister who is Owen Seymour Arthur which came into power on September 6, 1994. The Deputy Prime Minister is Billie Miller who also came into power on September 6, 1994. The democratic government works well in the country. They have had three general elections and one smooth transfer of power from the Democratic Labor Party to the Barbados Labor Party. Barbados carries on trade with other Caribbean nations and does have diplomatic relations with Cuba. Their closest relations are with the United Stated, and the United Kingdom. Barbados joined the United Nations is 1966. The economy of Barbados is one of the 35 upper middle-income countries of the world. They have a free-market economy, but the dominant sector is private. Their economy is based on sugar and tourism, but the government has encouraged a policy of diversification in order to achieve a more stable nation. They also depend on a light manufacturing industry. Their monetary unit is the Barbados dollar. The coins are made in 1, 5, 10, and 25 cents. The paper money is made in 1, 5, 10, 20, and 100 dollar bills. One U.S. dollar is equal to 2.01 Barbados dollar (1975). About 60% of the land is cropland. The agriculture industry employs 7.4% of the labor force and contributes about 8.7% to the Gross Domestic Product. Sugarcane makes up over half the acreage. Bananas are also grown, but only on a limited scale. Sea island cotton is also grown. All of the farmers are required by regulations to plant at least 12% of their arable land with some food crop. Barbados' natural resources include petroleum, fishing, and natural gas. The fishing industry employs about 2,500 people and 500 small boats. Their are no natural forests in the country. Manufacturing contributes about 11.2% to the GDP. Manufacturing and mining employ about 18.9% of the labor force. The majority of the industrial establishments are engaged in some form of sugar processing. Sugar is the principal export. The principal imports include machinery, motor vehicles, lumber, and

Summary of Transportation Research Record Assignment

Summary of Transportation Research Record - Assignment Example This explains why the last decade has seen the addition of only 7 runways. Nevertheless, quite a number of secondary airports have experienced tremendous growth, becoming the desired airports for specific destinations. This does not undermine the fact that they have been experiencing delays and congestion, especially in peak periods due to lack of places for the planes to land. The larger part of the funding for the airports in Denver, Colorado can be traced back to the federal government. However, decisions pertaining to the operation, building and expansion of the facilities are handled at local and state levels. It has been recognized that delays and congestion in airports can only be remedied by comprehensive remedies. This article examines air travel since it is always a pointer as to the direction taken by Gross Domestic Product of a particular state. In essence, there are concerns about the delays and congestion in many airports resulting from lack of space for expansion. Communities neighboring the airports are also against the expansion due to traffic as well as noise from the planes. This problem however would not be solved by simplistic remedies but a combination of solutions geared addressing the financial, technical and even social aspect of the airports, more so in relation with the

The Impact of Web Based Cancer Information on Patient Outcomes Article

The Impact of Web Based Cancer Information on Patient Outcomes - Article Example There is a plethora of information available online on almost every known cancerous condition and the patients are aware about the treatment modalities available both in the modern western system of medicine as well in alternate systems of therapy. Self-help groups, blogs, renowned hospitals, pharmaceutical and disease-specific organizations besides the government healthcare departments and international healthcare authorities like the WHO (World Health Organization) offer the latest information on their websites which is accessible to the patient at all times. The latest research and development (R&D) findings are continuously updated to keep the data current. Due to this information and communication explosion, the patient has become more enlightened and is now fully aware of the implications of compliance with the recommended healthcare guidelines. Patient outcomes, therefore, stand to improve tremendously in the coming years as more progress is made in this direction. Studies on the impact that ICT has made on patient outcomes have been vigorously pursued in the recent past and research and analysis show that it has had a deep and permanent effect on the practice of modern medicine. The growth of the evidence-based practice, immaculate record keeping and vigorous follow-ups after treatment have improved the administration of healthcare protocols and yielded better results in patients. Increased use of patient interactive software has allowed the physicians to identify and know their patients in a better manner and this has resulted in ensuring better patient compliance. The overall effects have been positive in nature and the level of satisfaction has increased for both the patient as well as the healthcare professional.

Expatriation, Exile, Immigration, Repatriation :: Expository Essays

Expatriation, Exile, Immigration, Repatriation Expatriation. Exile. Immigration. Repatriation. These words seem so similar but have such different places in society. Whatever the reason for leaving one’s homeland, the way one lives in that place determines where he will fit into society. It is in this searching for a niche that clichà ©s often form and groups of people become stereotyped. From once small groups, a larger more defined population has grown in which all are intertwined creating what one may call diversity or the beginning of chaos. Although expatriation, exile, immigration, and repatriation all deal with the basis of leaving one’s homeland, the decisions each individual makes when embarking on his new life divides these four words into separate diverse categories. The act of expatriation abundantly differs from the act of repatriation. In expatriation the individual leaves his country in the hope of leaving all previous customs and traditions aside and taking on the new society’s entire lifestyle. Whatever the reason may be for this change, the individual functions completely free from his previous homeland. A person in exile may leave for a variety of reasons ranging from the banishment from one’s country to the sudden escaping from the same country. At times often pursuing glamorous lifestyles unattainable in his own country, the whereabouts of this individual may often be kept hushed. Although the person in exile may be welcomed by his new country, he may be carrying along suffering from his native land. Immigration is soon becoming a thing of the past. At a time when herds of civilized people often from one culture came in flocks to new homelands, small little communities formed keeping the strict customs of that foreign culture while establishing a new life. With areas known as Little Italy and the North End, these people grew together and began to adapt to the new culture. Stemming from these communities, an abundance of culture driven places are arising. Repatriation is the reclaiming of previously owned land. The culture taking control of the land, is in actuality regaining their land. At one point in history that society occupied the land such as part of present day California was once Mexico.

Positive Child Guidance (Managing Challenging Behaviour – Tantrums and Biting)

Focus It is important to remember that almost all young children display stages of â€Å"inappropriate† or challenging behaviours such as biting, tantrums, clinging or hitting at various times in their development. These behaviours are usually short-lived and typically improve with guidance and age. There are some children, however, whose challenging behaviours may increase and result in injury to self or others, cause damage to property, interfere with acquiring new skills and/or social isolation.This report investigates the possible causes for challenging behaviors (focusing primarily on tantrums and biting) in infants, toddlers and young children and positive child guidance strategies that are important as the basis for intervention and prevention. It is important to intervene in such a way that appropriate, pro-social behaviors are taught, modeled, and reinforced to ensure lifelong success. 18 June 2011 J M Badenhorst-Awasthi ID: 20090950 Introduction On average about 10 % of children younger than five display challenging behaviours (Tremblay, 2000).There has been an increase of children exhibiting challenging behaviours serious enough for parents and teachers to get concerned about disrupting family functioning and classroom routines (Powell, Dunlap and Fox, 2006). It is necessary for parents and teachers (adults) to work collaboratively in identifying causes of challenging behaviour and implementing relevant positive child guidance strategies that will promote pro-social and acceptable behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Pro-social / Acceptable BehaviourConroy and Brown (2004) highlight the following skills or pro-social behaviours that children should acquire before the age of five (on average): Getting along with others Following directions Regulating and identifying emotions Conflict resolutions / solutions Persisting on a task Engaging in social conversations Cooperative play Positive Child Guidance [PCG] An increasingly familiar term in th e field of Early Childhood Education is â€Å"Positive Child Guidance†. PCG techniques, instead of Punitive Discipline Techniques are endorsed by experts as the best way to respond to challenging behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002; Miller, 2007).PCG is a process wherein adults use certain strategies, e. g. reasoning, giving choices, problem-solving, negotiation and redirection, when dealing with challenging behaviour (Miller, 2007; Porter, 2003). Challenging behaviours (e. g. tantrums and biting) are seen as an opportunity for negotiation, learning and resolution, instead of something that requires children to be disciplined or punished for (Berk, 2006; Miller, 2007). Factors that influence challenging behaviour According to Flicker and Hoffman (2004) there are various factors that influence challenging behaviour: ? ? ? ? ? Emotional: boredom, anxiety, low self-esteem, fear, overstimulation Family: sibling rivalry, divorce, domestic violence, abuse Classroom: overcrowding, too much clutter, excessive noise Physical: hunger, fatigue, illness, soiled nappy Learning difficulties: speech and language, ADD/ADHD Environmental: poor housing, poverty, community violence Before deciding on the most effective guidance strategy it is very important for adults to consider the (potential) contributing factors. PCG is not a â€Å"one-size-fits-all† approach.It involves developing a close, trusting relationship with the children and parents and â€Å"individualizing† approaches (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). TANTRUMS Definition A tantrum / temper tantrum is an emotional outburst, usually associated with children that are in emotional distress. Typical characteristics are crying, screaming, defiance, anger, stubbornness, ranting, resisting attempts to be pacified and sometimes hitting or kicking (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums most commonly happen when children believe (wrongly or rightly) that their wants (not necessarily their needs) are not bei ng met (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1996).Typically tantrums will occur in children aged between 16 months and three / four years (Berk, 2006). Influencing Factors The physical environment may affect young children’s behaviour, e. g. inadequate space, noise levels and traffic patterns in the classroom (Miller, 2007; Strain and Hemmeter, 1999). Classroom schedules and routines may be a factor. Children need routines but with some flexibility. It is often the transition times that prove most problematic (Miller, 2007).Children might learn (after the first tantrum) that it is an effective way to get what they want and therefore keep repeating this behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums might occur when a child wants a toy that is being used by another child (jealousy) (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Often tantrums will happen when an adult says â€Å"no† to a child e. g. when changing or leaving an activity or fun place (e. g. when it’s time for tea / lunch) o r when asked to do something they don’t want to do (e. g. cleaning up) (Tremblay, 2002). A CNN Health Report concluded that there are neurological influences for tantrums.The prefrontal cortex, (part of the brain), which is responsible for emotional and social regulation is not yet developed in children and they are therefore less likely to have the required skills to negotiate a more controlled behaviour (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003). Positive Child Guidance Strategies Teachers should make use of observations to establish which factor(s) is/are influencing tantrums. Only by understanding the factor can appropriate strategies be applied (Miller, 2007). There should be minimal disruptive transitions and fair warning before it occurs.Ensure children know the routine. Teachers should model and praise appropriate behaviour (Miller, 2007). Adults should not give up / give in when a child has a tantrum. Children might learn that a tantrum is an effective and immed iate means of getting what they want. Other children might learn and copy this behaviour (Alter and Conroy, 2006). Careful planning is very important. Teachers should identify potential triggers and formulate solutions in advance (MoE, 1996). Children with a tendency for tantrums should be encouraged to do relaxing activities such as water play, play dough or the sandpit.It is inappropriate to expect toddlers to sit for long periods of time or to engage in large group activities. It is better to arrange short, engaging mat times and small group activities (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). It is important to have enough toys so that all children have an opportunity to play at the same time. Some centres will deliberately have less toys to encourage problem-solving and negotiation skills. Through observations teachers should identify high interest toys and possible tantrums (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). BITING DefinitionBiting is a distressing and common behaviour for children aged between f ourteen months and two years (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Influencing Factors Probably the most common factor for biting is that children of this age are frustrated when they are unable to use words to communicate their needs or wants. Toddlerhood is a time of strong emotions and few words. It is a time of many changes and the feelings (coupling these changes) can sometimes lead to biting (Berk, 2006). Changes that bring about strong emotions and stress can makes children more prone to biting, e. g. otty training, transitioning to a different room (age group in the centre) or a new sibling (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Sometimes infants and young toddlers might bite when they are teething. Biting eases the irritation and pain of teething (Berk, 2006; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Hunger and thirst could also be an influencing factor (Berk, 2006). Infants use biting and sucking as a means of exploring and making sense of the physical world. Most objects (that is big enough) will go into an infant/ toddler’s mouth (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Sometimes children bite when they actually want to kiss someone (Conroy and Brown, 2004).Biting may occur when children are seeking attention. This behaviour mostly causes disturbance and focuses the adult’s attention on the child who bites. Children could also investigate / experiment the cause and effect of biting – seeing / testing what will happen when biting (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Positive Child Guidance Strategies It is important for adults to talk to the child and acknowledge that these changes can be difficult and give the child the opportunity to express their feelings appropriately (Berk, 2006; Alter and Conroy, 2006). Teachers can ask the parents if the child has a favourite â€Å"teething toy†.For toddlers a teething ring / toy can be pinned to their clothes (attached to a short string) and older children can carry a toy in their pockets. Adults should encourage children to use it when t hey feel like biting. Some children are comforted by a frozen teething toy as this numbs the area and eases discomfort more. For infants and toddlers the adult can wet a cloth and put it in the freezer. The child can easily suck and chew on this (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Toddlers and young children should not go for more than two hours without food.It is also important that adults regularly offer children liquids as well. To ease late morning tendency of biting adults can offer a mid-morning snack that is crunchy and chewy such as pretzels, rice crackers or biscuits (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Adults should ensure that the objects that infants play with are not small enough to swallow. To measure the size of objects try fitting it inside a toilet paper roll. If it fits then it is too small. Adults should ensure that appropriate teething toys are available (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Teach children the appropriate way of showing affection.How to kiss or hug can be taught. Children should first be taught to consider whether children want a hug or kiss. Adults should teach children to listen to the words that people use when they don’t want to be kissed (Conroy and Brown, 2004). To teach the child who has bitten empathy get him/her involved in calming and caring for the person who was bitten (e. g. getting an ice pack). If they see the obvious pain and discomfort and adults asking prompting questions it might discourage a child from biting again (Porter, 2003). Factors and Strategies for both Tantrums and BitingThere are some factors that may lead to both tantrums and biting which include boredom or frustration when children are not adequately engaged with peers, teachers or materials and activities in the centre or at home. Adults should ensure that the materials and activities are engaging, challenging and entertaining for all ages and stages of development. Children should be given a choice of activities which may minimize boredom or frustration (Port er, 2003). Feelings of jealousy or the need for love / attention could also cause tantrums and biting. It is important that adults treat each child equally and fairly.Adults should be consistent in PCG strategy so children can know the boundaries, expectations and acceptable behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002). . There is a relationship between language inefficiency and challenging behaviours. Children with a language inability will often use tantrums or biting (although inappropriate) to communicate their needs (Hemmeter and Ostrosky, 2006). Hyter (2003) suggest that adults should help develop language skills through songs, repetitions and reading books (See Appendix C) so that children can express themselves verbally instead of resorting to tantrums or biting (Porter, 2003).Conclusion This report highlighted various factors that influence challenging behaviour (tantrums and biting). For this reason adults (teachers and parents) should work collaboratively in identifying the infl uencing factor(s) and applying the most effective and appropriate prevention and intervention strategies to increase compliance and the child’s development of self regulation and appropriate pro-social behaviours (Berk, 2006; Fox, Dunlap and Cushing, 2002; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003; Miller, 2007 ).

Stone Cold Definitions: What is a Family?

American society is an interesting place: we value individualism and celebrate freedom, and strive for being the best in all that we do.   The road to achieving this is not an easy one, but as a nation, we understand this.   We train our children gradually by setting small tasks for them.   These tasks are designed to help our children â€Å"practice† for their imminent involvement in the â€Å"real† world, and it is the hope of those who create these â€Å"practice† sessions that children will grow into adults who are well-adjusted, productive Americans. This training includes learning to do a variety of things—from the mundane to the complex—primarily by trial and error.   We put training wheels on bicycles; we spread education out over a period of twenty-plus years; we encourage part-time jobs before careers and raising a pet to learn the value of life and the seriousness of responsibility; however, when it comes to creating a family, we act like it is an all-or-nothing affair.   We define it in a single way, and access it as â€Å"successful† only in the extremist of circumstances.   American society may value individualism, celebrate freedom, and strive for perfection, but it can be an extraordinarily judgmental place for those who fall outside the parameters of the traditional definition of â€Å"family.† Barbara Kingsolver examines the definition of â€Å"family† in her piece, â€Å"Stone Soup: What Does It Mean To Be a Family, Anyway?†Ã‚   Her conclusion: that the defined parameters are simply too narrow and that America’s continuing to use this false standard is detrimental to all people. There can be little doubt that the United States values individualism; however, it seems as though individualism is only acceptable if the involved party conforms to preconceived norms and moral standards set by the majority when exercising this right to be â€Å"individual.†Ã‚   Barbara Kingsolver asks readers â€Å"in the catalog of family values, where do we rank an occasion such as this?† (305). She is referring to a child’s soccer game and the fact that the child in question is surrounded by primary and extended family members—an entire cheering section of his own, but that social construct calls his family â€Å"broken† (305).   Obviously, â€Å"Andy† is not suffering for lack of anything while playing soccer—there is nothing at all â€Å"broken† about him or the people who make up his family.   Kingsolver’s point is powerful, and she demands each of us step back and consider the reason for family and the parameters by which the success of this configuration of people is judged. The point of people joining together to create a unified structure (i.e. a â€Å"family†) is to strengthen the one by adding others.   The make-up of the family structure is rather arbitrary, and as Kingsolver points out, in other countries as well as in America’s past, the presence of several generations under one roof was commonplace (308).   Modern society has changed the basic dynamic of â€Å"family,† expecting the branching out of children as they reach adulthood, and the defining of parenting â€Å"success† by an offspring’s financial and familial productivity out in the world. This does not sound at all like the makings of a strong â€Å"individual†; it sounds very much like a cookie-cutter environment churning out cookie-cutter people.   Kingsolver points out that â€Å"there's a current in the air with ferocious moral force [. . .] claiming there is only one right way to do it, the Way It Has Always Been† and expresses how nonsensical this attitude is (305). If we operated under the guise of â€Å"the Way It Has Always Been,† we’d still have slavery, children working in sweat shops, women who had no control over their own money, legalized domestic violence, etc.   Part of this nation’s strength comes from its ability to recognize flaws in its operations, make the necessary changes, and move on.   Why are we so slow to apply this to family?   As Kingsolver puts it, â€Å"this narrow view [of family] is so pickled and absurd I'm astonished that it gets airplay† (305).   Simply put, a group of people who join together to perform everyday tasks, including caring for a child/children, paying bills, maintaining a home, and caring for one another is a family. People who were born before the internet, cellular phones, and the microwave oven survived, and many of them continue to do so without having adapted or integrated any of those items into their daily lives.   Those of us who make use of modern technology are not harmed by the lack of understanding or participation of those who choose to remain â€Å"behind† the times. However, those who insist on the â€Å"traditional† definition of â€Å"family† and persist in applying derogatory terms to the variety of familial make-ups that have become more prevalent are harming those who choose to acknowledge familial advances.   â€Å"Divorce, remarriage, single parenthood, gay parents, and blended families simply are. They're facts of our time† (307). It seems odd that in a nation that is so sold on individuality and freedom of choice that it has  begun to package cheese in balls, slabs, individually wrapped slices, and sticks that we shy away  from a multi-faceted definition of family.   Perhaps the problem is the way in which people look  at things.   Can it be that only a single parent struggling to get by understands that the slab is  cheapest, and that it has the added benefit of one’s being able to cut it and wrap it in a variety of  sizes and shapes that can be determined based on need?   Isn’t this a simple, physical example of  the old adage that anyway you slice a thing, it is still the thing?   Does it really matter what the  make-up of the family is as long as it fulfills it goals?   There are legitimate reasons for the  changes seen in the modern family. â€Å"Some of the reasons listed by sociologists for these family  reconstructions are: the idea of marriage as a romantic partnership rather than a pragmatic one; a  shift in women's expectations, from servility to self-respect and independence; and longevity† (Kingsolver 307). Prepare a list of the things a person might fight hardest for in terms of â€Å"freedom,† and the freedom to choose a life partner has got to be near the top, and this freedom is not about one’s orientation: it is about one’s freedom—period.   Whether straight or gay, single or married, the freedom to enter into or leave a relationship seems fundamental. Barbara Kingsolver discusses her preconceived notion of marriage and divorce: a notion that was constructed by the society in which she grew up—the society that continues to exist in America (306).   She admits to her naà ¯ve belief that in choosing a mate one could not err, and admitted that â€Å"once upon a time [she believed . . ] that everyone who [divorced] could have chosen not to do it.   That it's a lazy way out of marital problems.   That it selfishly puts personal happiness ahead of family integrity,† but having lived her life and gone through a divorce, she now sees that this is simply not true. This bursts not only the bubble of her expectations, it places the rest of her family, including her children, into a category that implies imperfection and an inability to perform up to expected standards.   Kingsolver equates the â€Å"judg[ing of] a family’s value by its tidy symmetry is to purchase a book for its cover† (308).   Oddly, the â€Å"children of divorce† are profoundly unaffected in many ways, and where adults see defeat, they see the opportunity to have two different homes and two sets of things as advantageous.   Certainly this isn’t always the case—as it is not always the case that a child raised in a â€Å"traditional family† goes unscathed.   Each situation and each experience is—dare I say—individual. The closing anecdote in Barbara Kingsolver’s piece places the term Stone Soup in to context, and it is in this recollection that real advice can be seen.   While the story hinges on the soldiers’ plan, what happens all around them is of equal importance.   The message in the story is that both sides must be ready and willing to accept their opposition: the hungry soldiers gave in to the townspeople who in turn gave in to the hungry soldiers, and in the end, everyone is better for having shared. The same is true of the modern family.   No one should be forced to give up the ideal of â€Å"family† anymore than anyone should give up the ideal of having a cupboard filled with food; however, everyone has got to be willing to acknowledge that their definition of â€Å"family† is relative—much like the â€Å"full† cupboard, and often simply adding to the pot what you can is sufficient. Work Cited Kingsolver, Barbara.   â€Å"Stone Soup: What Does It Mean To Be a Family, Anyway?†Ã‚   The McGraw-Hill Reader: Issues Across Time.   8th ed.   Ed. Gilbert H. Muller.   LaGuardia: City U. of New York, 2003.   305-310.

Marcel Duchamps Nude Descending Essay Example

Marcel Duchamps Nude Descending Essay Example Marcel Duchamps Nude Descending Paper Marcel Duchamps Nude Descending Paper Expressionism as a movement in Germany covered many different creative media such as visual art, literature and theatre, as well as its influence on the world of cinema. Its visual style and themes represent in many ways the personal and social conflict felt in Germany at the time, and as expressed by Klinge Klinge (1983, p. 106), to find answers, artists turned inward, to project human emotion through their films. This resulted in a collection of dark, mysterious horror films, the style of which has made a great impact on filmmakers since the period, and right up to the present day. An early expressionist film that embodies most of the characteristics associated with the movement is The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Wiene, 1920), and I shall be looking at this film in particular detail -with reference to other Expressionist films and those influenced by them to understand further the techniques used in making the film and the meaning behind them. In order to understand the meaning behind the movement, it is vital to consider events previous to the period. From the unification of Germany in 1871, Europe suffered from civil unrest at the balance of powers within the continent, and WW1 (1914-1918) caused devastation and Germany suffered under the Treaty of Versailles (1919), which ended the war. A common theme in German Expressionist film is that of authority, or more specifically, the idea of tyranny (Kraucauer, 1947). In The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Caligari uses his hypnotic power as a means of control of Cesare, who he makes commit murder. This idea of being under power which cannot be fought against may well be an analogy for Germanys treatment, and in their view, oppression, during the war years. In the end of the film, however, it is made clear that Francis is seemingly delusional, with the tyrannical figure of Caligari triumphing. In writers Hanz Janowitz and Carl Mayers original script, this did not happen, and the story exposed the madness inherent in an obsession with authority (Klinge Klinge, 1983). However, Wiene made the directorial choice to change this ending, so authority triumphed. This message was not followed in other expressionist films, such as Nosferatu (Murnau, 1922), where the films tyrannical antagonist is finally defeated. To add even more to the films ambiguity, a framing device is used the idea of Francis telling the story from inside the asylum (although we only really realise this in retrospect). The device shows audiences that the events seen are simply Francis interpretation, and leaves an uneasy feeling of not being sure what to believe a murderer getting away with his crime, or Francis being simply delusional. This idea of the world being disjointed and confusing is shown within the mise-en-scene of the films, as part of the sets. The sets, designed by three expressionist artists Walter Reimann, Walter Rohrig and Hermann Warm use sharp edges and jagged lines, such as the style of the houses in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, which are set at angles with sharp corners. These sets are often representative to paintings within the Expressionist movement in visual arts, which feature the same angles and distorted perspective, for example, Marcel Duchamps Nude Descending a Staircase (1912), in which the nude and the staircase are represented abstractly, not in any kind of naturalistic way. These kinds of sets have made clear influence on more recent films, a particular director using the style being Tim Burton. An example of this is in his film Sleepy Hollow (1999); the trees in the forest backdrop are dark and jagged, with pointed ends. In the film, protagonist Crane experiences feelings of madness, and as with Expressionist film, the disjointedness of the sets represent these feelings. Another example of Burtons homage to Expressionist film is the set design on Batman Returns (1992), in which the long shots of Gotham City are reminiscent of those seen in Metropolis (Lang, 1926), with tall, looming buildings that seem oppressive to those below them. The acting in Expressionist cinema also contributes to the overall style of the film. Due to these films being made in the silent era, before the discovery of sound, much of the actors emotion was shown through their over the top expressions and gesture, and they often moved in a non-naturalistic way and attempted angular postures and jerky movement [ ] to reinforce the theme of a society out of kilter (Klinge Klinge, 1983). The representations of people within Expressionist paintings were also distorted, such as in Edward Munchs The Cry (1893), and as with the sets, these representations seemed to have an influence on the characterisation in the films.

Immigration Asylum Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Immigration Asylum - Case Study Example "A requirement of promptness and reasonable expedition is implicit in all cases but where the possibility of removing the individual from the harmful situation is available, the investigation must be undertaken as a matter of urgency. The victim or the next-of-kin must be involvedto safeguard their legitimate interests" ("Human Trafficking Under the ECHR," 2010, p. 1). Being forced into prostitution is unacceptable according to the ECHR. One of the articles of the ECHR states that, "No one shall be held in slavery or servitude" ("European Convention on Human Rights," 2010, p. 1). With regard to the amount of people being granted asylum, "the number of people from outside the EU who were allowed to join spouses or other close family members fell from 10,950 in 2001 to 3,835 last year. Only 1,607 people were granted asylum in 2004 - down from 6,263 three years earlier" (Conradi, 2010, p. 1). Unfortunately, what the Home Office does not realize and take into consideration is that if they make the wrong move, and send Margarita back to Ecuador, this mafia gang will no doubt kill her. This is a life or death situation. She already received a death threat, and honestly it is not understood how they could not take that into account. Additionally, since this is a mafia gang and not just any gang, a mafia gang operates differently than a normal gang. Mafioso gangs are not only more likely to, but they will track Margarita down once she enters Ecuador again in order to force her into prostitution again. This is a bare fact. Once the Home Office realizes that they are not just dealing with some home-grown street gang, they would do good to accept Margarita's plea of asylum. As previously mentioned before, the difference between a home-grown street gang and a mafia gang is that the mafia will kill you. In other words, wherever Margarita went were she to return to Ecuador, her life would continually be in danger. This would be no way to live. She would have to go from house to house searching for a new place to live everyday. The mafia would track her down like a dog and they would find her. Then, they would kill her. How is this a known fact Speaking from the experience of having studied Latin American history, when a Latin American mafia gang-very much like the terrorist group The Shining Path Guerillas in Peru (El Sendero Luminoso)-decides to kill you, basically your life is over. These types of guerilla-slash-terrorist operations are very efficient. Basically, if they want you dead, they are not going to waste time trying to find you so that they can kill you. Several people are living in exile due to the fact that they cannot live in their own countries because of these horrible people who would stop at nothing to see them dead. These mafia gangs are most dangerous because, anywhere you try to go in in-country, they will try to find you and kill you. What is most dangerous about gangs like these is that they will stop at nothing to make sure the targeted person is dead. This means that if Margarita goes back to Ecuador, the Home Office would basically be

Israeli Palestinian Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Israeli Palestinian Conflict - Essay Example Looking up at the conflict amid the Israel and Palestine as a nation, major problem occurred by the involvement of the United States. Before 1948, Jews and Palestine both used to live in the similar land, known to be Palestine. After the war of 1948 and 1949, the land, Palestine, was divided into three main parts, therefore, the West Bank, sate of Israel and the Gaza Strip. The division of land was done due to the decision made by the United Nations. In the beginning, the land was supposed to be divided into two parts, Arabs and the Jewish. After the unfortunate war of 1949, forces of Israel achieved control over the lands and a peace agreement was signed which created borders according to the decision of UN. Although, peace have never settled on the lands and there have been a variety of disputes over who control what parts of the land. Since 1967, Israel took control over Jerusalem and used its control to establish settlements and supported its civilians to move or inhabit the coun try. After the outbreak of the war in 1949, solution was never found and on the other hand, the Israel feels that they are the ones who should rule the lands but their status is yet to be determined. In June 1945 accompanied with an indirect rebelliousness of the British White Paper, restricted the Jewish immigration into the state for over 75,000 people and after that the President Truman send a proposal which stated that 100,000 European Jewish should be admitted at very instance. Truman was warned by the British that it would anger the Arabs but however, they accepted the proposal anyway. After few years, in 1948, Truman was advised to distinguish the State of Israel. After few minutes of the announcement, the United States recognized the newly formed Nation. According to Arabs, at that time, they thought that the United States was on the side of the Israel and this perception due to the actions taken by the United States has made it difficult to find a solution for the Israel and Palestine conflict. At first, the United States was very slow to provide military help to the new nation of Israel. After the Second World War, the attention of the United States directed towards the rising world power known to be Soviet Union. The problems and conflict of the Israel at that time were not of too much concern for the U.S. However, when Israel occupied the Sinai Peninsula in 1958 from Egypt, the United States did not take side of the Israel but pressurized them to call back their troops from there. Apart from U.S. pressurization, there were a lot of many other threats that influenced Israel to move back. All through the 1950s and 1960s, level of assistance from United States was very low but in 1967, financial help for Israel went up to $13 million but however, it was soon altered. In the sixth day of war in 1968, the United States provided $76 million which increased for more than $800 by the end of 1971. In 2001, $2.82 billion plus with the military assistance was offered to the Israel. Additionally, $60 million was given for the resettlement of the refugees and $250 million for stabilizing the budget of Department of Defense as well as $85 million for accused interest. "Unquestionably, Israel is the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. aid since World War II. Estimates